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Thulium: History, Applications & Art

Thulium is a chemical element; it has symbol Tm and atomic number 69. It is the thirteenth element in the lanthanide series of metals. It is the second-least abundant lanthanide in the Earth's crust, after radioactively unstable promethium. It is an easily workable metal with a bright silvery-gray luster. It is fairly soft and slowly tarnishes in air.…

Language: English [EN]
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Thulium topic overview

The analysis highlights History, Applications and Art as prominent areas in the source structure around Thulium.

Related topics
125
Source areas
7
Connected nodes
132
Extracted relationships
131
Concept neighborhoods
23
Bridge connections
132

What this topic covers Research coverage

Source areas are shown by the number of related topics found in each part of the analysis. Use smaller areas too: they can reveal specialized angles and content gaps.

Properties · 35 topics
Overview · 23 topics
Occurrence · 20 topics
Applications · 16 topics
History · 15 topics
Biological role · 11 topics
Production · 5 topics

Smaller areas are not necessarily less important. They contain fewer connections in this analysis and can be useful for finding specialized angles or coverage gaps.

Key facts & relationships

High-confidence facts extracted from structured source data. Use them as anchors for further research.

167Tm
synth
168Tm
synth
169Tm
100%
170Tm
synth
171Tm
synth
Appearance
silvery gray

Explore all related topics Closing gaps

Browse the complete topic structure, not only the most central items. Less prominent entities and concepts can reveal missing angles, specialized context and useful research gaps. Each item opens a new analysis centered on that subject.

Overview

Properties

History

Occurrence

Production

Applications

Biological role

Advanced semantic analysis

Deeper signals for content research, entity SEO and topical coverage. The plain-language headings explain what each technical view is useful for.

How Thulium connects Entity context

The extracted context around Thulium shows recurring relationship patterns in the source. For example, Thulium → Ancient Greek, British, Carl Gustaf Mosander, Charles James, Cleve, Durham, Er2O3, He, Iceland, In, New Hampshire College, Per Teodor Cleve, Scandinavia, Swedish, The, This, Thule, Thulium's, Tm, Tu Another extracted example is Thulium → Australia, Brazil, China, Earth, Earth's, Greenland, In, India, Its, Like, Solar System, Tanzania, The, United States. Use these groups to spot repeated connection types before inspecting the individual relationships.

Thulium

Top relations

related to history · 22
Thulium → Ancient Greek, British, Carl Gustaf Mosander, Charles James, Cleve, Durham, Er2O3, He, Iceland, In, New Hampshire College, Per Teodor Cleve, Scandinavia, Swedish, The, This, Thule, Thulium's, Tm, Tu
related to Occurrence · 14
Thulium → Australia, Brazil, China, Earth, Earth's, Greenland, In, India, Its, Like, Solar System, Tanzania, The, United States
related to Lasers · 9
Thulium → Cr, Ho, Holmium-chromium-thulium, It, Single-element, The, This, Tm, YAG
related to Biological role · 7
Thulium → Despite, Humans, In, Liver, Soluble, The, When
related to Production · 6
Thulium → China, In, Newer, None, The, US
related to X-ray source · 6
Thulium → Despite, Such, These, They, Thulium-170, X-ray
related to Isotopes · 4
Thulium → Known, Most, Natural, The
related to Others · 4
Thulium → Because, The, Tm, Tm-doped
related to Physical properties · 4
Thulium → Mohs, Pure, The, Tm
Ionization energies · 3
Thulium → 1st: 596.7 kJ/mol, 2nd: 1160 kJ/mol, 3rd: 2285 kJ/mol

Important terminology

Use these terms to understand the vocabulary surrounding the topic, not as a checklist for keyword stuffing.

Important terminology

oxide per compounds used tm metal element lanthanides isotopes cleve first water yttrium also lasers green rare radiation sources state

Thulium relationships Subject–Predicate–Object triples

TTTA extracted 131 structured relationships around Thulium. Examples in this analysis include Thulium → 167Tm → synth and Thulium → 169Tm → 100%. The table shows each extracted connection, where it came from and its confidence.

SubjectPredicateObjectConfidenceSrc
Thulium167Tmsynth1.00infobox
Thulium168Tmsynth1.00infobox
Thulium169Tm100%1.00infobox
Thulium170Tmsynth1.00infobox
Thulium171Tmsynth1.00infobox
ThuliumAppearancesilvery gray1.00infobox
Thuliumat T (K)11171.00infobox
ThuliumAtomic number (Z)691.00infobox
ThuliumAtomic radiusempirical: 176 pm1.00infobox
ThuliumBlockf-block1.00infobox
ThuliumBoiling point2223 K ​(1950 °C, ​3542 °F)1.00infobox
ThuliumBrinell hardness470–900 MPa1.00infobox
ThuliumBulk modulus44.5 GPa1.00infobox
ThuliumCAS Number7440-30-41.00infobox
ThuliumCovalent radius190±10 pm1.00infobox
ThuliumCrystal structure​hexagonal close-packed (hcp) (hP2)1.00infobox
ThuliumDensity (at 20° C)9.320 g/cm31.00infobox
ThuliumDiscoveryPer Teodor Cleve (1879)1.00infobox
ThuliumElectrical resistivitypoly: 676 nΩ⋅m (at r.t.)1.00infobox
ThuliumElectron configuration[Xe] 4f13 6s21.00infobox
ThuliumElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.251.00infobox
ThuliumElectrons per shell2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 21.00infobox
ThuliumFirst isolationWilhelm Klemm and Heinrich Bommer (1936)1.00infobox
ThuliumGroupf-block groups (no number)1.00infobox
ThuliumHeat of fusion16.84 kJ/mol1.00infobox
ThuliumHeat of vaporization191 kJ/mol1.00infobox
ThuliumIonization energies1st: 596.7 kJ/mol1.00infobox
ThuliumIonization energies2nd: 1160 kJ/mol1.00infobox
ThuliumIonization energies3rd: 2285 kJ/mol1.00infobox
ThuliumLattice constantsa = 353.77 pm c = 555.39 pm (at 20 °C)1.00infobox

Related concept clusters Concept neighborhoods

The concept neighborhoods around Thulium bring nearby vocabulary together. In this analysis, examples include Per, Oxide and Compounds. Use the clusters to find adjacent concepts and terminology that may deserve separate research.

  • Thulium
    • Per
    • Oxide
    • Compounds
    • Also
    • Tm
    • Used
    • Color
    • First
    • Form
    • Occurs
    • Water
    • Yttrium
  • thulium
    • Per
    • Oxide
    • Compounds
    • Also
    • Tm
    • Used
    • Color
    • First
    • Form
    • Occurs
    • Water
    • Yttrium
  • chemical element
    • Cleve
    • Element
    • Holmium
    • Pure
    • Promethium
    • Tm
    • Ytterbium
    • Air
    • Color
    • Half-life
    • Isotope
    • Oxidation
  • isotopes of thulium
    • Ytterbium
    • Isotope
    • Stable
    • X-ray
    • Per
    • Holmium
    • Promethium
    • Air
    • Color
    • Half-life
    • Oxidation
    • Pure
  • per teodor cleve
    • Holmium
    • Element
    • Thulia
    • Per
    • Thulium
    • Metal
    • Oxide
    • Promethium
    • Ytterbium
    • Air
    • Color
    • Half-life
  • thulium chloride
    • Per
    • Oxide
    • Compounds
    • Also
    • Tm
    • Used
    • Color
    • First
    • Form
    • Occurs
    • Water
    • Yttrium
  • holmium
    • Promethium
    • Thulia
    • Ytterbium
    • Air
    • Color
    • Half-life
    • Isotope
    • Oxidation
    • Per
    • Pure
    • Stable
    • Two
  • yttrium
    • Tm
    • Chemical
    • Holmium
    • Promethium
    • Ytterbium
    • Air
    • Color
    • Half-life
    • Isotope
    • Oxidation
    • Pure
    • Stable

Connections between topic areas Semantic bridges

For Thulium, one of the stronger structural bridges in this analysis connects Thulium with Properties. Bridges highlight paths between different parts of the map and can reveal research angles that are easy to miss in a flat list.

Min side: 3
Thulium — Properties · splits 97 ⟂ 36
Thulium — Overview · splits 109 ⟂ 24
Thulium — Occurrence · splits 112 ⟂ 21
Thulium — Applications · splits 116 ⟂ 17
Thulium — History · splits 117 ⟂ 16
Thulium — Biological role · splits 121 ⟂ 12
Thulium — Production · splits 127 ⟂ 6

Map overview Semantic statistics

Thulium

Nodes133
Edges132
Triples131
Avg. degree1.99
Density0.015038
Components1

Source & methodology

TTTA analyzes the structure around Thulium to surface related topics, entities, relationships, concept neighborhoods and bridge connections. Use the map to explore areas such as History, Applications & Art, including less central topics that may reveal useful research gaps. Automatically extracted connections are research leads rather than rewritten encyclopedia content.

Source: Wikipedia — Thulium · EN edition · Analysis: TopicsToTalkAbout

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