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Plutonium: Characters, History & Applications

Plutonium is a chemical element; it has symbol Pu and atomic number 94. It is a silvery-gray actinide metal that tarnishes when exposed to air, and forms a dull coating when oxidized. The element normally exhibits six allotropes and four oxidation states. It reacts with carbon, halogens, nitrogen, silicon and hydrogen. When exposed to moist air, it forms…

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Plutonium topic overview

The analysis highlights Characters, History and Applications as prominent areas in the source structure around Plutonium.

Related topics
375
Source areas
7
Connected nodes
382
Extracted relationships
386
Concept neighborhoods
86
Bridge connections
382

What this topic covers Research coverage

Source areas are shown by the number of related topics found in each part of the analysis. Use smaller areas too: they can reveal specialized angles and content gaps.

Characteristics · 128 topics
History · 82 topics
Overview · 68 topics
Precautions · 38 topics
Applications · 35 topics
Occurrence · 18 topics
Transportation · 6 topics

Smaller areas are not necessarily less important. They contain fewer connections in this analysis and can be useful for finding specialized angles or coverage gaps.

Key facts & relationships

High-confidence facts extracted from structured source data. Use them as anchors for further research.

(near r.t.)
20.26 g/cm3 α-244 Pu
236Pu
synth
238Pu
trace
239Pu
trace
240Pu
trace
241Pu
synth

Explore all related topics Closing gaps

Browse the complete topic structure, not only the most central items. Less prominent entities and concepts can reveal missing angles, specialized context and useful research gaps. Each item opens a new analysis centered on that subject.

Overview

Characteristics

Occurrence

History

Applications

Precautions

Transportation

Advanced semantic analysis

Deeper signals for content research, entity SEO and topical coverage. The plain-language headings explain what each technical view is useful for.

How Plutonium connects Entity context

The extracted context around Plutonium shows recurring relationship patterns in the source. For example, Plutonium → Alsos Digital Library, American Scientists, Archived, Argonne National Laboratory, August, Bhadeshia, Challenges, Chemical, Chemistry, Dangers, Discover Magazine, End, Fabrication, February, Federation, History, IEER, II, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Lee University Another extracted example is Plutonium → According, Ambio, As, Carl Johnson, Cold War, Denver, Each, Edward Martell, EPA, Exposures, FBI, Hanford, In, Large, Much, Prevailing, Pu, Radioactive, Rocky Flats, Rocky Flats Plant. Use these groups to spot repeated connection types before inspecting the individual relationships.

Plutonium

Top relations

related to External links · 48
Plutonium → Alsos Digital Library, American Scientists, Archived, Argonne National Laboratory, August, Bhadeshia, Challenges, Chemical, Chemistry, Dangers, Discover Magazine, End, Fabrication, February, Federation, History, IEER, II, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Lee University
related to Cold War use and waste · 28
Plutonium → According, Ambio, As, Carl Johnson, Cold War, Denver, Each, Edward Martell, EPA, Exposures, FBI, Hanford, In, Large, Much, Prevailing, Pu, Radioactive, Rocky Flats, Rocky Flats Plant
related to Early research · 24
Plutonium → About, Chicago, Chicago's Stagg Field, Construction, CP-1, DuPont, Early, Enough, Enrico Fermi, Glenn, Hanford, In November, Information, Met Lab, Metallurgical Laboratory, Oak Ridge, On August, On December, Seaborg, The
related to Discovery · 23
Plutonium → Arthur Wahl, Berkeley, Berkeley Radiation Laboratory, California, December, Edwin McMillan, Emilio Segrè, Enrico Fermi, February, Fermi, Fritz Strassmann, Germany, Glenn, Joseph, Kennedy, Neptunium-238, Nobel Lecture, Nuclear, Otto Hahn, Rome
related to Trinity and Fat Man atomic bombs · 17
Plutonium → About, Alamogordo, An, August, Fat Man, Gadget, Japan, July, Manhattan Project's Smyth Report, Nagasaki, New Mexico, Only, The, TNT, Together, Trinity, Urchin
related to Occurrence · 16
Plutonium → Based, Because, Cigar Lake Mine, Due, Earth, Finally, Gabon, However, Oklo, Small, Solar System, The, These, Trace, When, With
related to Compounds and chemistry · 12
Plutonium → At, III, IV, Pu, Pu3, Pu4, PuO, PuO2, PuO3, The, VI, VII
related to Physical properties · 12
Plutonium → Alpha, At, Heat, It, MeV, MOX-fuel, Pu, The, This, Unlike, When, With
related to Power and heat source · 12
Plutonium → Being, Cassini, Curiosity, Galileo, It, Mars, New Horizons, One, Perseverance, Plutonium-238, These, Voyager
related to Toxicity · 12
Plutonium → Contamination, Donald Mastick, Either, European, Even, Hiroshima, III, Japanese, Nagasaki, Studies, The, There

Important terminology

Use these terms to understand the vocabulary surrounding the topic, not as a checklist for keyword stuffing.

Important terminology

nuclear element used uranium fission plutonium-239 form first also metal reactors decay isotopes atomic neutrons half-life found radiation years weapons

Plutonium relationships Subject–Predicate–Object triples

TTTA extracted 386 structured relationships around Plutonium. Examples in this analysis include Plutonium → (near r.t.) → 20.26 g/cm3 α-244 Pu and Plutonium → 236Pu → synth. The table shows each extracted connection, where it came from and its confidence.

SubjectPredicateObjectConfidenceSrc
Plutonium(near r.t.)20.26 g/cm3 α-244 Pu1.00infobox
Plutonium236Pusynth1.00infobox
Plutonium238Putrace1.00infobox
Plutonium239Putrace1.00infobox
Plutonium240Putrace1.00infobox
Plutonium241Pusynth1.00infobox
Plutonium242Pusynth1.00infobox
Plutonium244Putrace1.00infobox
PlutoniumAllotropessee Allotropes of plutonium1.00infobox
PlutoniumAppearancesilvery white, tarnishing to dark gray in air1.00infobox
Plutoniumat T (K)17561.00infobox
PlutoniumAtomic number (Z)941.00infobox
PlutoniumAtomic radiusempirical: 159 pm1.00infobox
PlutoniumBlockf-block1.00infobox
PlutoniumBoiling point3505 K ​(3228 °C, ​5842 °F)1.00infobox
PlutoniumCAS Number7440-07-51.00infobox
PlutoniumCovalent radius187±1 pm1.00infobox
PlutoniumCrystal structure​monoclinic (mP16)1.00infobox
PlutoniumDensity (at 20° C)19.85 g/cm3 α-239 Pu1.00infobox
PlutoniumDiscoveryGlenn T. Seaborg, Arthur Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin McMillan (1940–1941)1.00infobox
PlutoniumElectrical resistivity1.460 µΩ⋅m (at 0 °C)1.00infobox
PlutoniumElectron configuration[Rn] 5f6 7s21.00infobox
PlutoniumElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.281.00infobox
PlutoniumElectrons per shell2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 21.00infobox
PlutoniumGroupf-block groups (no number)1.00infobox
PlutoniumHeat of fusion2.82 kJ/mol1.00infobox
PlutoniumHeat of vaporization333.5 kJ/mol1.00infobox
PlutoniumIonization energies1st: 584.7 kJ/mol1.00infobox
PlutoniumLattice constantsa = 0.6183 nm b = 0.4822 nm c = 1.0964 nm β = 101.79° (at 20 °C)1.00infobox
PlutoniumMagnetic orderingparamagnetic1.00infobox

Related concept clusters Concept neighborhoods

The concept neighborhoods around Plutonium bring nearby vocabulary together. In this analysis, examples include Nuclear, Used and Fuel. Use the clusters to find adjacent concepts and terminology that may deserve separate research.

  • Plutonium
    • Nuclear
    • Used
    • Fuel
    • Form
    • Temperature
    • Metal
    • Reactors
    • Weapons
    • Produced
    • Isotopes
    • Found
    • First
  • plutonium
    • Nuclear
    • Used
    • Fuel
    • Form
    • Temperature
    • Metal
    • Reactors
    • Weapons
    • Produced
    • Isotopes
    • Found
    • First
  • chemical element
    • First
    • Atomic
    • States
    • Found
    • Uranium
    • Waste
    • One
    • Half-life
    • Produced
    • Also
    • Nuclear
    • War
  • atomic number
    • War
    • First
    • Element
    • Fissile
    • States
    • Fission
    • Used
    • Air
    • Sample
    • Heat
    • Waste
    • Plutonium
  • nuclear chain reaction
    • Weapons
    • Fission
    • Waste
    • Plutonium
    • Fuel
    • Reactors
    • Used
    • Uranium
    • Neutron
    • Plutonium-239
    • Found
    • States
  • nuclear weapons
    • Weapons
    • Fission
    • Waste
    • Plutonium
    • Fuel
    • Reactors
    • Used
    • Uranium
    • Neutron
    • Plutonium-239
    • Found
    • States
  • nuclear reactors
    • Fuel
    • Weapons
    • Fission
    • Waste
    • Plutonium
    • Reactors
    • Neutron
    • Used
    • Uranium
    • Plutonium-239
    • Found
    • States
  • spontaneous fission
    • Sample
    • Neutron
    • Neutrons
    • Nuclear
    • Uranium
    • Plutonium-239
    • Alpha
    • High
    • Isotopes
    • Half-life
    • Mass
    • Reactor

Connections between topic areas Semantic bridges

For Plutonium, one of the stronger structural bridges in this analysis connects Plutonium with Characteristics. Bridges highlight paths between different parts of the map and can reveal research angles that are easy to miss in a flat list.

Min side: 3
PlutoniumCharacteristics · splits 254 ⟂ 129
PlutoniumHistory · splits 300 ⟂ 83
PlutoniumOverview · splits 314 ⟂ 69
PlutoniumPrecautions · splits 344 ⟂ 39
PlutoniumApplications · splits 347 ⟂ 36
PlutoniumOccurrence · splits 364 ⟂ 19
PlutoniumTransportation · splits 376 ⟂ 7

Map overview Semantic statistics

Plutonium

Nodes383
Edges382
Triples386
Avg. degree1.99
Density0.005222
Components1

Source & methodology

TTTA analyzes the structure around Plutonium to surface related topics, entities, relationships, concept neighborhoods and bridge connections. Use the map to explore areas such as Characters, History & Applications, including less central topics that may reveal useful research gaps. Automatically extracted connections are research leads rather than rewritten encyclopedia content.

Source: Wikipedia — Plutonium · EN edition · Analysis: TopicsToTalkAbout

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