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Unicode bidirectional algorithm

The Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm (UBA), formally defined in Unicode Standard Annex #9 (UAX #9), is a specification developed by the Unicode Consortium that determines how text containing a mixture of left-to-right and right-to-left scripts is displayed. It is a normative part of the Unicode Standard and is required for conformance wherever characters…

Characters, Art & Standards

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Directional Formatting Characters

Control charactersUnicode 6.3
2 related topics

The Algorithm

Paragraph separatorUnicode Character DatabaseBracketGlyph
4 related topics

Conformance

HTMLXMLSource code
3 related topics

HTML and CSS Equivalents

Web pagesHTML5CSS3
3 related topics

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Editors
Manish Goregaokar, Robin Leroy
Latest version
Unicode 17.0.0 (Revision 51, 13 August 2025)
Organization
Unicode Consortium
Status
Active
Year started
1999

Topics to explore

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Overview

Background

Directional Formatting Characters

The Algorithm

Conformance

HTML and CSS Equivalents

Security Considerations

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Map overview Semantic statistics

Unicode bidirectional algorithm

Nodes28
Edges27
Triples10
Avg. degree1.93
Density0.071429
Components1

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Unicode bidirectional algorithm

Top relations

related to External links · 3
Unicode bidirectional algorithm → Revision, UAX, Unicode
Editors · 1
Unicode bidirectional algorithm → Manish Goregaokar, Robin Leroy
Latest version · 1
Unicode bidirectional algorithm → Unicode 17.0.0 (Revision 51, 13 August 2025)
Organization · 1
Unicode bidirectional algorithm → Unicode Consortium
Status · 1
Unicode bidirectional algorithm → Active
Website · 1
Unicode bidirectional algorithm → www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/
Year started · 1
Unicode bidirectional algorithm → 1999

Important terminology Word statistics

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Important terminology

unicode characters embedding directional bidirectional text right-to-left uba paragraph display standard formatting levels level scripts arabic hebrew overrides types algorithm

Entity relationships Subject–Predicate–Object triples

SubjectPredicateObjectConfidenceSrc
Unicode bidirectional algorithmEditorsManish Goregaokar, Robin Leroy1.00infobox
Unicode bidirectional algorithmLatest versionUnicode 17.0.0 (Revision 51, 13 August 2025)1.00infobox
Unicode bidirectional algorithmOrganizationUnicode Consortium1.00infobox
Unicode bidirectional algorithmStatusActive1.00infobox
Unicode bidirectional algorithmWebsitewww.unicode.org/reports/tr9/1.00infobox
Unicode bidirectional algorithmYear started19991.00infobox
Arabic or Hebrew are renderedinstance ofIt is a normative part of the Unicode Standard and is required for conformance wherever characters from right-to-left scripts0.80text
Unicode bidirectional algorithmrelated to External linksUAX0.60section
Unicode bidirectional algorithmrelated to External linksRevision0.60section
Unicode bidirectional algorithmrelated to External linksUnicode0.60section

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