Research any topic before you write.

Find related topics. | Discover entities. | See connections. | Build a topical map.

Personal data

Personal data, also known as personal information or personally identifiable information (PII), is any information related to an identifiable person.

Standards & Trade

Use the mouse wheel or two fingers (on touchscreens) to zoom in and out of the map.

Research this topic

Explore the main themes, entities and connections around Personal data. Start with the topic map, then use the sections below for research and deeper semantic analysis.

Explore this topic

Start with a few of the strongest sections from the source topic. These are research directions, not a list of keywords you must use.

Topics to explore

Browse the full topic structure. Each item opens a new analysis centered on that subject.

Overview

Definitions

Laws and standards

Forensics

Personal safety

Trade of personal data

Advanced semantic analysis

Deeper signals for content research, entity SEO and topical coverage. The plain-language headings explain what each technical view is useful for.

Map overview Semantic statistics

Personal data

Nodes113
Edges112
Triples100
Avg. degree1.98
Density0.017699
Components1

How this topic connects Entity context

See the strongest relationship patterns around the current topic before diving into the raw triples.

Personal data

Top relations

related to European Union · 19
Personal data → April, Article, Automatic Processing, Data Protection Directive, E-Privacy Directive, EC, ECThe Directive, Electronic Communications, European Convention, European Union, Human RightsConvention, Individuals, May, Personal DataThe General Data, Privacy, Protection, Protection Regulation, Regard, The Data Retention Directive
related to External links · 16
Personal data → April, Archived, CromackRethinking Personal Data New, December, Dewar Archived, Different, EU, European, Giving Citizens, Lens Report, Marketing Preferences, People, Personal Data Rights Back, Six, Wayback Machine, World Economic ForumWhy Consent
related to Data brokers · 10
Personal data → Acxiom, European Union, GDPR, In, Internet-based, Some, Sources, The, There, United States
related to Trade of personal data · 8
Personal data → Alessandro Acquisti, Curtis Taylor, Disclosing, During, In, Liad Wagman, The, Writing
related to Switzerland · 7
Personal data → Additionally, Data Protection, Federal Data Protection, Information Commissioner, June, The, The Federal Act
related to Hong Kong · 5
Personal data → Hong Kong Office, June, On, Privacy Commissioner, The Report
related to Personal safety · 5
Personal data → Another, EE, For, Personal, UK
see also · 4
Personal data → AnonymityBundesdatenschutzgesetzDe-identificationGeneral Data Protection RegulationNon-personal, DataPersonal, Information AgentProtected, United StatesPseudonymityObfuscationSelf-sovereign

Important terminology Word statistics

Use these terms to understand the vocabulary surrounding the topic, not as a checklist for keyword stuffing.

Important terminology

information data personal pii privacy protection identifiable act used person may identity personally gdpr also security name number united social

Entity relationships Subject–Predicate–Object triples

SubjectPredicateObjectConfidenceSrc
the GDPR to limit the distributioninstance ofand lawmakers such as the European Parliament have enacted a series of legislative acts0.80text
accessibility of PII.Serious confusion arises around whether PII means information which is identifiableinstance ofand lawmakers such as the European Parliament have enacted a series of legislative acts0.80text
the US federal Health Insurance Portabilityinstance ofIn prescriptive data privacy regimes0.80text
Accountability Actinstance ofIn prescriptive data privacy regimes0.80text
the GDPRinstance ofIn broader data protection regimes0.80text
personal data is defined in a non-prescriptive principles-based wayinstance ofIn broader data protection regimes0.80text
the NIST Guide to Protecting the Confidentiality of Personally Identifiable Informationinstance ofand that usage now appears in US standards0.80text
a nameinstance ofin particular by reference to an identifier0.80text
an identification numberinstance ofin particular by reference to an identifier0.80text
location datainstance ofin particular by reference to an identifier0.80text
an online identifier or to one or more factors specific to the physicalinstance ofin particular by reference to an identifier0.80text
physiologicalinstance ofin particular by reference to an identifier0.80text

Related concept clusters Concept neighborhoods

These clusters group vocabulary that occurs around closely connected concepts in the source material.

    Connections between topic areas Semantic bridges

    Bridges can reveal useful research angles that are easy to miss in a flat list of related terms.

    Min side: 3
    For writers, content strategists, SEOs, marketers and creators — from quick topic research to advanced semantic analysis.