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The Dole effect, named after Malcolm Dole, describes an inequality in the ratio of the heavy isotope 18O (a "standard" oxygen atom with two additional neutrons) to the lighter 16O, measured in the atmosphere and seawater. This ratio is usually denoted δ18O.
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18o photosynthesis ratio dole effect 16o oxygen isotope atmospheric lighter result water atmosphere inequality seawater respiration due factor fractionation δ18o
| Subject | Predicate | Object | Confidence | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dole effect | related to Use of the Dole effect | Since | 0.60 | section |
| Dole effect | related to Use of the Dole effect | Dole | 0.60 | section |
| Dole effect | related to Use of the Dole effect | The | 0.60 | section |
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